Solar Panel Project

I built two solar panels using nothing but the Internet for my research and would like to share my learning experiences as many others have done. One of the most valuable DIY resources I found was "How I Build an Electricity Producing Solar Panel. It was easy. You can do it too.". Most of what I have documented here should look quite familiar if you go to his site. The main difference between others documentation and what I'm providing here, is that mine goes into a lot of detail. My goal here was to document start to finish the dimensions and photograph every step of the way to make it easy to reproduce. I have also included a fairly detailed BOM (Bill of Materials). The most lengthy part of the whole process was waiting for the paint to dry. The total duration of building a panel is probably 5 hours, although, my first one probably took 10 as I took time to figure out the details and how to solder the cells without damaging them by breaking them or burning up the pads.

The BOM for the enclosure and Electronics are for building a single 12v panel. I chose to build two, so that I could have 24v. I did this so that I could store the power in a 24v battery bank so that I could use it anytime I needed it. Not to mention, a single panel only produces around 65W. I figured from the beginning that I'd need at least 100W to make this a worthwhile project. This is enough power to run a fan and some lights when camping or out where there are no power hookups.

Let's get started

Bill of Materials

Enclosure
Part Name Qty Unit Cost Project Cost Pkg Qty Pkg Cost Distributor Mfg Part # Retailer Retailer Part # Comments
#8 1" Flat Head Wood Screws 19 $0.11 $2.12 50 $5.58     Lowes 68132 Used to affix 1"x2" framing strips to 15/32" Plywood Backing
1/16" x 3/4 - 8' Aluminum Angle 1.5 $7.07 $10.61 1 $7.07 Steel Works   Lowes  55966 Used as frame to cover and protect acrylic edge.
24" x 48" x 1/8" Clear Acrylic Sheet 1 $20.97 $20.97 1 $20.97 Optix   Lowes 11220  
1" x 2" x 8' Select Pine 2 $3.98 $7.96 1 $3.98     Lowes 1206 Used as Framing strips
15/32" Plywood 4' x 8' 0.25 $19.37 $4.84 1 $19.37     Lowes 12227 Used as backing
Pegboard 1/8" x 4' x 8' 0.25 $10.75 $2.69 1 $10.75     Lowes 48285 Used as insert that solar cells are attached to.
Silicon 0.25 $5.97 $1.49 1 $5.97     Lowes   Used to adhere solar cells to the Pegboard insert and as a general sealant
Primer 0.25     1       Lowes    
Paint 0.25     1       Lowes    
Fingertip Rope Caulk 90' 0.15 $5.77 $0.87 1 $5.77 Frost King   Lowes 96338 Seal between acrylic and framing strips
#8 1-1/4 Flat Head Screws 19 $0.11 $2.12 50 $5.58     Lowes 122593 Affix Aluminum Angle and Acrylic to framing strips.
Wood Glue 0.05     1       Lowes    
#8 1/2" Screw 8             Ace   Attach the insert holding the solar cells to the enclosure. 
Totals     $53.66   $85.04          

 

Electronics
Part Name Qty Unit Cost Project Cost Pkg Qty Pkg Cost Distributor Mfg Part # Retailer Retailer Part # Comments
38 WHOLE Solar Cells Full Tabbed PLUS Bus Wire and Flux 38 $1.52 $64.99 38 $64.99     MLSolar (EBay)   36 Cells to produce 18V at 64.8W. Need extra cells to account for breakage. Comes with Flux pen and Bus Wire.
Diode 1 $ $ 1 $     Radio Shack    
Bus Wire 1     1            
Solder 1 $ $ 1 $          
Flux Pen 1     1            
Totals     $64.99   $64.99          

 

Other
Part Name Qty Unit Cost Project Cost Pkg Qty Pkg Cost Distributor Mfg Part # Retailer Retailer Part # Comments
300W / 600W Peak Power Inverter Converter 24V to 120VAC 1 $29.99 $29.99 1 $29.99     MLSolar (EBay)   Inverter to convert 24V DC to 120V AC. Does not work directly from Panels. Must have 24V Battery Bank. With a full 300W load fully charged batteries will be fully discharged in 2.8 hours.
POWERSONIC PS12350NB 12V35.0AH NB 2 $70.75 $141.50 1 $70.75 PowerSonic PS12350NB Portable Power (Amazon)   24V Panel Array generates 129.6W. Battery bank will store 840W of power. It will take 6.48hours of good sunlight to fully charge discharged batteries.
Solar Charge Controller LVD 10A 12V/24V - PWM technology, Flooded & Sealed batteries 1 $19.95 $19.95 1 $19.95     Shop4Batteries (Amazon)   Battery Charge Controller to prevent batteries from overcharging.
Totals     $191.44   $120.69          

 Construction

Building the Solar Panel
1" x 2" x 8' Select Pine

Cut Framing strips out of 1" x 2" x 8' Select Pine. You will need the following lengths:

  • 2 ea - 45"
  • 2 ea - 24"
  • 1 ea - 20.5"
15/32" Plywood Cut plywood for backing to 24" x 48".
Attaching Frame to Backing Drill 3/32" pilot holes in plywood backing centered on the frame strips. The pilot holes closest to the corners need to be 2" in from the end the rest of the holes are 12" increments from the end. Apply wood glue to each strip, align and square as you go. I attached the end first, then both sides and the remaining end. After which, I attached the center strip.
Inserts Cut inserts for the Solar Cells to sit on. Inserts are 20" x 20".
Primer Primer the wooden enclosure and inserts.
Paint Once the primer coat for the enclosure and inserts is dry, apply a coat of paint. I painted one panel black and the other white to see if there is a difference in temperature/efficiency. I'll get to that experiment later.
Vents

Drill Vent holes 2" from the top edge and 2" apart using an 11/64" drill bit. Do this on both ends. As you may notice from some of the pictures, this was an afterthought. I originally put these on the bottom edge and left a little gap between the wood and the aluminum frame. I had too much condensation build up, so I drilled these holes to resolve the issue. Since they are on the back and when in use, are off of the ground, this should not be an issue. Some folks recommend stuffing insulation in the holes to keep bugs, etc. out. I will likely do that at a later date.

Now is also a good time to drill an 11/64" hole in the side 3" from the top in the side of your frame for your wires to come through.

Soldering the Cells together

Soldering the cells together is tricky. For one, you cannot appy too much downward pressure to the cell or you will break it. The other hazard is tempurature. If your iron is too hot, you will burn up the pads on the cells. I used a standard tip and set the iron to 450 degrees fahrenheit. Apply flux to the pads and then take the wire coming from the front of the first cell and solder it to the back of the second. The bottom is positive and the top is negative. You will solder six cells together in series which will give you 3v. You'll need to do this six times so that you will have enough cells to generate 18v. Once you get to the end, you will need to attach wires to the bottom of the last cell so that you can connect each string to your bus wire. I used leftover wire from broken cells. I'll order a roll of the tabbing wire before I build my next panels.

It's a good idea to test each 3v string with a multi-meter as you complete them. This is the best time to do any rework, as it will be much more difficult later on in the process.

Adhering the Cells

Once the paint is dry and all of your cells are soldered together you will need to adhere them to the insert. Use silicone to adhere them. Only use a spot in the center of the cell. As the wood expands and contracts with temperature, if you adhere on all edges or corners, the cells will fracture. Place the cells on the silicon and gently wiggle it to make sure it sticks.

Make sure you alternate your top and bottom wires so that when you connect them you are still alternating top to bottom.

Use punch to mark holes for inserts in the enclosure Now you are ready to mark the holes in your enclusure for the inserts. I used a spring loaded punch. I then drilled 5/64" pilot holes for the #8 1/2" screws. Only drill the holes at this time, you'll still need to do some more work on the frame.
Aluminum Edging

Now you will want to work on the aluminum angle that will protect the edges of the acrylic. You'll need to cut the following lengths:

  • 2 ea - 24"
  • 2 ea - 37.5"

I cut mine with a dremel, and used a file to smooth out the rough edges.

Drilling Aluminum Edging and Acrylic Now you will need to mark 1" from the end of the aluminum angle and then 12" from end to end. Mark the drill points with your punch and line the acrylic and aluminum angle up on one end and drill pilot holes. Once the pilot hole for the first piece is done, drill a larger hole so that the screw can easily go through the aluminum and acrylic without binding. The acrylic is quite fragile, so be careful. go ahead and put the screws in once all holes are drilled to make sure everything fits together ok.
Screw in the inserts

Place the inserts into the enclosure and carefully screw them into place. Be careful, as one slip could damaga a cell.

Make sure that both sides are still alternating.

Solder Bus Wire Now it's time to solder the bus wire to attach all of the cells together in series.
Insert Diode Now you will need to insert a diode on the positive line so that the solar cell does not work as a load and drain your batteries once the sun goes down. Once I finished my bus wires, I used 14 guage home wiring to run to the outside of the enclsosure. Apply silicon to the wires at various points to adhere it to the frame so that it doesn't move around.
Screw Terminal Now for the screw teminal. Measure in 3" from the top and 3" from the side. Mark and drill pilot holes for 0.5" screws. Put a dab of silicon on the underside of the screw teminal before setting it in place and screwing it down. Attach your positive and negative wires. Seal the hole that the wires are coming through with silicon.
Test before sealing up Now it's time to test out your panel. Take it outdoors and measure the voltage from your screw terminal. You should have at least 18v. Now is the last best time to make repairs. Once sealed, it's somewhat difficult to get into the panel.
Rope Caulk Now that everything is testing out ok, it's time to put the rope caulk all the was around the top edge of the frame to create a good seal between the frame and the acrylic.
Final Assembly Now it's time to take the protective film off of the acrylic and place it on the frame. Place the aluminum angle on and scre into place. Now the panel is sealed from the top and is weather resistant. That's it for the panel. Now you can power 12v devices such as fans as is.
Charge Controller, Batteries, Inverter Now for the easy part. Wire your panels in series so that you have 24V. Connect them to the Charge ciruit. Connect the Charge Circuit to the batteries (which are connected to each other in series), and the batteries to the inverter. Now you're ready to go.
Panels Charging Batteries Here's the panels charging the batteries. We used the stored energy later in the evening to power lights for our 4th of July festivities.
Solar Panel Voltage Here's how much voltage the panels produce to charge the batteries.

I hope this helps anyone that is interested in getting into solar. I'll provide more info it I think of anything. Look for more postings soon.